As the name would suggest, a PEM provides polarization modulation, that is, a changing retardation that follows a sinusoidal pattern. As such, applications that need a steady retardation level are not well suited for PEMs….
Yes, but it will require recalibration. The PEM is a resonant device, with the resonant frequency being determined by the size of the optical assembly. In spite of very tight manufacturing tolerances, each optical assembly is slightly different in size and this results in a slightly different frequency. The controller, electronic head, and optical head…
The maximum laser power is determined by the PEM optical material required for your application. If the laser is powerful enough to damage the material from which the optical assembly is made, then it cannot be used with a PEM. This is seldom a problem, however if you have a question about your particular laser,…
When PEMs are used with lasers as light sources, modulated interference effects may occur. These manifest themselves in the form of spurious signals at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of the PEM. Modulated interference is not a problem with any light source other than lasers. This effect is caused by multiple reflections of the light…
All PEMs are capable of generating left and right circularly polarized light. In the case of the Hinds I/FS50 PEM, you would be able modulate light in a continuously varying fashion between left-circular and right-circular at a frequency of 50 kHz. The PEM modulates polarization as the function: f(t) = A*cos(wt), where w = 2π *50kHz….
Hinds manufactures over a dozen standard PEM models. Collectively, they cover the range from 130 nm – 57µm….
Photoelastic modulators are resonant devices which produce oscillating birefringence. The optical bar shaped element vibrates along its long dimension at a frequency determined by the length of the bar and the speed of a longitudinal sound wave in the optical element material. In other words, a free standing acoustic vibration mode is used, of acoustic…
PEMs have a feedback circuit to help control thermal stability. In addition, we recommend a 15 minute warm up time for the PEM to reach resonance equilibrium and stabilize before measurements are taken. However, if there is a rapid or large change in ambient temperature, it is possible there will be a slight drift associated…
PEMs have several unique features such as wide spectral range, large aperture, wide acceptance angle, and high precision of phase modulation. The PEM is typically used for fast, high sensitivity measurements. Fused silica PEM optical elements are isotropic when no stress is applied (as contrasted with Pockels cells and electro-optic modulators). This gives the PEM a…
The basic principle of operation of the PEM is the photoelastic effect. A mechanically stressed sample exhibits birefringence proportional to the strain caused by the induced stress. As such, the PEM can be described as a birefringence modulator. Light moves along one axis faster than another because, as a result of resonating the optic, birefringence…
The PEM is a resonant device whose precise oscillating frequency is determined by the physical properties of the optical element/transducer assembly. The electronic head, optical head and the cables that connect them make up a circuit that operates like a crystal-controlled oscillator circuit. The PEM controller controls the amplitude of the PEM oscillations and generates…
Hinds Instruments Announces New Dealers in China and Korea October 12, 2009. Hinds Instruments, Inc., a global leader in the development of technology and products for polarization measurement, is pleased to announce the appointment of two new dealers to its network of international sales and service partners. Zugo Photonics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., with sales and…
The Polarization Extinction Ratio system is an easy-to-use, highly sensitive instrument for measuring both polarizaton extinction ratio (PER) and extinction ratio (ER). Recently introduced by Hinds Instruments, the system is useful for characterizing polarization optics to an extinction ratio of about 106. Conversion between ER and PER modes is easily accomplished with a lever that…
The Signaloc™ 2100 Lock-In Amplifier is an AC and DC signal recovery instrument including the proprietary Hinds Instruments Lock-In Amplifier module and control display software. It is optimized for use with Hinds Photoelastic Modulators (PEMs). Users may now modulate signals with the Hinds PEM and demodulate with another Hinds product that has been optimized for this use. …
Revolutionary instrument measures diattenuation of pyrocarbon layers within a TRISO nuclear fuel particle Hillsboro, Oregon, September 10, 2008 – Hinds Instruments, a leading global supplier of photoelastic modulators (PEMs), today announced it was awarded a 2008 R&D 100 award from R&D Magazine for its Two Modulator Generalized Ellipsometry Microscope (2-MGEM) Optical Anisotropy Factor Measurement System….
ITU Taps Hinds Instruments And Oak Ridge National Labs For Advanced Technique To Characterize TRISO Fuel The 2-MGEM Optical Anisotropy Factor Measurement System is faster, more repeatable and collects more data than previous measurement techniques Hillsboro, Oregon, July 8, 2008 – Hinds Instruments, a leading global supplier of photoelastic modulators (PEMs), today announced the Institute…
Hinds Instruments announces a new compact, self-contained and lightweight [link id=306]avalanche photodiode (APD) detector module with high sensitivity and adjustable gain. Signals down to the 5 nW range are detectable using the large active area (19.6 mm2). The footprint for this detector is much smaller than a PMT because it does not require the high…
May 1, 2007. Hinds Instruments, a world leading manufacturer of polarization modulation and measurement systems, is pleased to announce Zugo Photonics as the most recent addition to our international network of dealers. Headquartered in Singapore, the company has an extensive regional network of sales offices and authorized agents. Their territory will include Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,…
Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager Hillsboro, Oregon, April 13, 2007 – Hinds Instruments, the leading global supplier of photoelastic modulators (PEMs), today announced it is working closely with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to integrate spectropolarimetric sensing into a candidate next-generation remote-sensing satellite imaging system. Sponsored by NASA’s Instrument Incubator Program, the goal is to…
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